Introduction On May 12, 2025, President Donald J. Trump signed an Executive Order titled “Modifying Reciprocal Tariff Rates to Reflect Discussions with the People’s Republic of China,” invoking his authority under the Constitution, the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), the National Emergencies Act, the Trade Act of 1974, and other statutes. The order modifies…

Introduction On April 2, 2025, President Donald J. Trump signed the Executive Order titled “Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits.” This order declares a national emergency, citing large and persistent U.S. goods trade deficits as an “unusual and extraordinary…